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Senaca Valley virus 1 (SVV-1)
belongs to the species Senecavirus valles
(formerly Senecavirus A) in the genus
Senecavirus.
The complete genome sequence of Seneca Valley virus
1
(SVV-1)
has been determined (Knowles and Hallenbeck, 2005; Hales
et al., 2008;
DQ641257) and shown to be most closely related to the
Cardiovirus genus in the P1cap (Fig.
1), 2C, 3Cpro and 3Dpol (Fig.
2) genome regions. However, in other genome areas, the 5’ UTR
(IRES), Leader, 2B and 3A, SVV is very different to all other
picornaviruses (no detectable similarity on database searches). The
SVV 2A is a short peptide with a predicted ribosome-skipping
mechanism characterized by a NPG↓P
motif similar to that found the aphthoviruses, erboviruses and
teschoviruses and at the carboxy-terminus of the larger 2A of
cardioviruses. The larger 2A of cardioviruses, lacking in SVV,
inhibits cap-dependent mRNA translation (Aminev
et al., 2003a) and cellular
mRNA transcription (but not rRNA transcription; Aminev
et al., 2003b). The SVV IRES
is predicted to be related to that of hepatitis C virus (57% nt
identity), porcine teschoviruses, avian encephalomyelitis virus,
duck hepatitis virus 1 and members of a newly proposed picornavirus
genus (which includes simian virus 2, porcine enterovirus 8 and duck
picornavirus TW90A) (Hellen and de Breyne, 2007); this is very
different to the cardiovirus type II IRES, which is similar to that
of aphthoviruses (Jang et al.,
1988). The cardiovirus leader polypeptide binds zinc, is
phosphorylated during infection and plays a role in the regulation
of viral genome translation (Dvorak et al., 2001), while the Leader
of the aphthoviruses and erboviruses is a papain-like cysteine
proteinase (Hinton
et al., 2002). The SVV leader
polypeptide lacks the catalytic residues necessary for proteolytic
activity and does not contain either a zinc-finger motif
[C-x-H-x(6)-C-x(2)C] in the leader amino-terminal region or a
tyrosine phosphorylation motif [K-x(2)-E-x(2)-Y] approximately 14
residues downstream, possibly indicating a function distinct from
that of both aphthoviruses and cardioviruses. SVV was first isolated
as a cell culture contaminant, but has since been found in pigs
throughout the United States (Knowles
et al., 2006;
Hales et al., unpublished data).
There is no association
of early (prior to 1997) virus isolates with disease in pigs. In summary, although
SVV is related to the cardioviruses in some genome regions, it is
radically different in three proteins and the IRES.
Seneca Valley virus 1 has been reported as the possible cause of
idiopathic vesicular disease in pigs in the USA, Canada, Brazil and
China (Pasma
et al., 2008; Singh et al., 2012; Leme et al.,
2015; Leme et al.,
2016; Vannucci et al., 2015; Canning et al., 2016;
Gimenez-Lirola et al., 2016; Guo et al., 2016;
Hause et al., 2016; Joshi et al., 2016; Wang
et al., 2016; Wu et al., 2016; Xu
et al.,
2017). SVV has now been reported in pigs in Colombia (Sun
et al., 2017) and Thailand in 2016
(Saeng-Chuto et al.,
2017) and Vietnam in 2018 (Bertram et al., unpub.).
Real-time RT-PCRs for diagnosis have been developed (Bracht et al.,
2016; Fowler et al., 2017).
Recently, vesicular lesions have been produced
in pigs following experimental infection with SVV (Montiel et al.,
2016).
Anthrax toxin receptor 1 (ANTXR1) has identified as a cellular
receptor for SVV-1 (Miles et al., 2017).
Genome organisation
VPg+5'UTRIRES-IV[L/1A-1B-1C-1D-2Anpgp/2B-2C/3A-3BVPg-3Cpro-3Dpol]3'UTR-poly(A)
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