Seneca Valley virus

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Picornavirus
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Senaca Valley virus 1 (SVV-1) belongs to the species Senecavirus valles (formerly Senecavirus A) in the genus Senecavirus.

The complete genome sequence of Seneca Valley virus 1 (SVV-1) has been determined (Knowles and Hallenbeck, 2005; Hales et al., 2008; DQ641257) and shown to be most closely related to the Cardiovirus genus in the P1^cap (Fig. 1), 2C, 3C^pro and 3D^pol (Fig. 2) genome regions. However, in other genome areas, the 5’ UTR (IRES), Leader, 2B and 3A, SVV is very different to all other picornaviruses (no detectable similarity on database searches). The SVV 2A is a short peptide with a predicted ribosome-skipping mechanism characterized by a NPG↓P motif similar to that found the aphthoviruses, erboviruses and teschoviruses and at the carboxy-terminus of the larger 2A of cardioviruses. The larger 2A of cardioviruses, lacking in SVV, inhibits cap-dependent mRNA translation (Aminev et al., 2003a) and cellular mRNA transcription (but not rRNA transcription; Aminev et al., 2003b). The SVV IRES is predicted to be related to that of hepatitis C virus (57% nt identity), porcine teschoviruses, avian encephalomyelitis virus, duck hepatitis virus 1 and members of a newly proposed picornavirus genus (which includes simian virus 2, porcine enterovirus 8 and duck picornavirus TW90A) (Hellen and de Breyne, 2007); this is very different to the cardiovirus type II IRES, which is similar to that of aphthoviruses (Jang et al., 1988). The cardiovirus leader polypeptide binds zinc, is phosphorylated during infection and plays a role in the regulation of viral genome translation (Dvorak et al., 2001), while the Leader of the aphthoviruses and erboviruses is a papain-like cysteine proteinase (Hinton et al., 2002). The SVV leader polypeptide lacks the catalytic residues necessary for proteolytic activity and does not contain either a zinc-finger motif [C-x-H-x(6)-C-x(2)C] in the leader amino-terminal region or a tyrosine phosphorylation motif [K-x(2)-E-x(2)-Y] approximately 14 residues downstream, possibly indicating a function distinct from that of both aphthoviruses and cardioviruses. SVV was first isolated as a cell culture contaminant, but has since been found in pigs throughout the United States (Knowles et al., 2006; Hales et al., unpublished data). There is no association of early (prior to 1997) virus isolates with disease in pigs. In summary, although SVV is related to the cardioviruses in some genome regions, it is radically different in three proteins and the IRES.

Seneca Valley virus 1 has been reported as the possible cause of idiopathic vesicular disease in pigs in the USA, Canada, Brazil and China (Pasma et al., 2008; Singh et al., 2012; Leme et al., 2015; Leme et al., 2016; Vannucci et al., 2015; Canning et al., 2016; Gimenez-Lirola et al., 2016; Guo et al., 2016; Hause et al., 2016; Joshi et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2016; Wu et al., 2016; Xu et al., 2017). SVV has now been reported in pigs in Colombia (Sun et al., 2017) and Thailand in 2016 (Saeng-Chuto et al., 2017) and Vietnam in 2018 (Bertram et al., unpub.).

Real-time RT-PCRs for diagnosis have been developed (Bracht et al., 2016; Fowler et al., 2017).

Recently, vesicular lesions have been produced in pigs following experimental infection with SVV (Montiel et al., 2016).

Anthrax toxin receptor 1 (ANTXR1) has identified as a cellular receptor for SVV-1 (Miles et al., 2017).

Genome organisation

VPg+5'UTR^IRES-IV[L/1A-1B-1C-1D-2A^npgp/2B-2C/3A-3B^VPg-3C^pro-3D^pol]3'UTR-poly(A)

References

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Yu, L., Baxter, P.A., Zhao, X., Liu, Z., Wadhwa, L., Zhang, Y., Su, J.M., Tan, X., Yang, J., Adesina, A., Perlaky, L., Hurwitz, M., Idamakanti, N., Police, S.R., Hallenbeck, P.L., Blaney, S.M., Chintagumpala, M., Hurwitz, R.L. and Li, X.N. (2010). A single intravenous injection of oncolytic picornavirus SVV-001 eliminates medulloblastomas in primary tumor-based orthotopic xenograft mouse models. Neuro Oncol. 2010 Nov 12. [Epub ahead of print].