Acland, H.M. (1989). Encephalomyocarditis virus. In: Virus Infections of Porcines. Ed. M.B. Pensaert. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp 259‑264.

Acland, H.M. and Littlejohns, I.R. (1975). Encephalomyocarditis virus infection of pigs. 1. An outbreak in New South Wales. Aust. vet. J. 51: 409-415.

Acland, H.M. and Littlejohns, I.R. (1986). Encephalomyocarditis virus infection. In: Diseases of Swine, 6th edition. Eds. A.D. Leman, B. Straw, R.D. Glock, W.L. Mengeling, R.H.C. Penny and E. Scholl. Ames, Iowa: 1986. pp 399‑402.

Acland, H.M., Littlejohns, I.R. and Walker, R.I. (1970). Suspected encephalomyocarditis virus infection of pigs. Aust. vet. J. 46: 348.

Adamcová, J. and Bárdoš, V. (1959). Notes on the study of the ecology of viruses of the Col SK group. Acta Virol. 3: 234-239.

Amaddeo, D., Cardeti, G. and Autorino, G.L. (1995). Isolation of encephalomyocarditis virus from dormice (Myoxus glis) in Italy. J. Wildlife Diseases 31: 238-242.

An, D‑J., Song, J‑Y., Yang, M‑W., Lee, J‑B., Park, J‑H., Hyun, B‑H., Park, N‑Y. and An, S‑H. (1997). Cloning and sequence analysis of VP1 gene of porcine encephalomyocarditis virus isolated in Korea. RDA Journal of Veterinary Science 39: 24‑32.

Anon. (1990). Breeders warned on viruses. Pig International, December 1990, pp 30-34.

Anon. (1993). Oxford Vet Lab's EMC vaccine approved. Animal Pharm No. 286, p.15.

Bae, Y.S. and Yoon, J.-W. (1993). Determination of diabetogenicity attributable to a single amino acid, Ala⁷⁷⁶, on the polyprotein of encephalomyocarditis virus. Diabetes 42: 435-443.

Bae, Y.-S., Eun, H.-M. and Yoon, J.-W. (1989). Genomic differences between the diabetogenic and nondiabetogenic variants of encephalomyocarditis virus. Virology 170: 282-287.

Bakkali Kassimi, L., Boutrouille, A., Gonzague, M., Mbanda, A.L., Cruciere, C. (2002). Nucleotide sequence and construction of an infectious cDNA clone of an EMCV strain isolated from aborted swine fetus. Virus Research 83: 71 ‑ 87.

Bárdoš, V., Adamcová, J., Dedei, S., Gjini, N., Rosicky, B. and Simkova, A. (1959). Neutralizing antibodies against some neurotropic viruses determined in human sera in Albania. J. Hyg. Epidemiol. Microbiol. Immunol. 3: 277-???

Bartz, C.R. and Montali, R.J. (1987). Encephalomyocarditis virus. In: Virus Infections of Carnivores. Ed. M.J. Appel. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp 463‑466.

Billinis, C., Koutinas, A., Paschaleri‑Papadopoulou, E. and Papadopoulos, O. (1997). Serum creatine kinase-MB and lactate dehyrogenase-1 isoenzyme activities in piglets infected with encephalomyocarditis virus. Veterinary Record, in press. (Draft copy)

Black, D.N., Stephenson, P., Rowlands, D.J. and Brown, F. (1979). Sequence and location of the poly C tract in aphtho- and cardiovirus RNA. Nucl. Acids Res. 6: 2381-2390.

Abstract: The poly C tract in the RNA of the aphtho- and cardio viruses has been examined in several isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) and encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus. The length of the tract is variable, containing 100 to 170 bases in the FMDV isolates and 80 to 250 bases in the EMC virus isolates. Each poly C tract contains c. 10% A and U residues, located at the 5' end, i.e. most of the tract is a continuous run of C residues. The position of the tract on the genome was the same in each of the FMDV isolates, about 400 bases from the 5' end, whereas in the EMC virus isolates it was about 150 bases from the 5' end.

Blanchard, J.L., Soike, K. and Baskin, G.B. (1987). Encephalomyocarditis virus infection in African green and squirrel monkeys: comparison of pathologic effects. Lab. Anim. Sci. 37: 635-639.

Boege, U., Kobasa, D., Onodera, S., Parkes, G.D., Palmenberg, A.C. and Scraba, D.G. (1991). Characterization of mengo virus neutralization epitopes. Virology 181: 1-13.

Bogaerts, W.J.C. and Durville-van der Oord, B.J. (1973). Immunization of mice with live attenuated encephalomyocarditis virus: local immunity and survival. Infect. Immun. 8: 528-533.

Boulton, J. (1985). Encephalomyocarditis virus disease in pigs. In: Veterinary viral diseases. Their significance in South‑East Asia and the Western Pacific. Proc. Int. Seminar virus diseases of veterinary importance in South‑East Asia and the Western Pacific held at ANAHL, Geelong, Aug. 1984 ed. A.J. Della‑Porta. Sydney: Acad. Press, pp 525‑528

Boulton, J.G. (1987). Antibody to encephalomyocarditis virus in pigs. Can. vet. J. 28: 713.

Brewer, L.A., Lwamba, H.C.M., Murtaugh, M.P., Palmenberg, A.C., Brown, C., and Njenga1, M.K.  (2001). Porcine encephalomyocarditis virus persists in pig myocardium and infects human myocardial cells. J. Virol. 75: 11621‑11629.

Candotti, P., Carra, E., De Simone, F. and Brocchi, E. (1997). Clinical, anatomophatological and epidemiological studies, isolation and antigenic characterization of the virus in a severe encephalomyocarditis outbreak. Atti della Società Italiana di Patologia ed Allevamento dei Suini, Verona, Italy, 1997, p. 305‑319.

Castryck, F., Miry, C., Koenen, F. and Ducatelle, R. (1996). Clinical and pathological aspects of encephalomyocarditis virus infections in pigs in Belgium. Proceedings of the 14^th International Pig Veterinary Society Congress, Bologna, Italy, 7-10 July 1996, p. 132.

Causey, O.R., Shope, R.E. and Laemmert, H. (1962). Report of an epizootic of encephalomyocarditis virus in Para, Brazil. Rev. Serv. Esp. Saúde Pública 12: 47-50.

Cerutis, D.R., Bruner, R.H., Thomas, D.C. and Giron, D.J. (1989). Tropism and histopathology of the D, B, K, and MM variants of encephalomyocarditis virus. J. Med. Virol. 29: 63-69.

Christianson, W.T., Kim, H.S., Joo, H.S. and Barnes, D.M. (1990). Reproductive and neonatal losses associated with possible encephalomyocarditis virus infection in pigs. Vet. Rec. 126: 54‑57.

Christianson, W.T., Kim, H.S., Yoon, I.J. and Joo, H.S. (1992). Transplacental infection of porcine fetuses following experimental challenge inoculation with encephalomyocarditis virus. Am. J. vet. Res. 53: 44-47.

Craighead, J.E. (1965). Some properties of encephalomyocarditis, Columbia SK and Mengo viruses. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 119: 408-412.

Craighead, J.E. (1966). Pathogenicity of the M and E variants of the encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus. Am. J. Pathol. 48: 333-345.

Craighead, J.E. and McLane, M.F. (1968). Diabetes mellitus: induction in mice by encephalomyocarditis virus. Science 162: 913-914.

Craighead, J.E., Peralta, P.H., Murnane, T.G. and Shelokov, A. (1963). Oral infection of swine with the encephalomyocarditis virus. J. infect. Dis. 112: 205-212.

Cronin, M.E., Love, L.A., Miller, F.W., McClintock, P.R. and Plotz, P.H. (1988). The natural history of encephalomyocarditis virus-induced myositis and myocarditis in mice. Viral persistence demonstrated by in situ hybridization. J. exp. Med. 168: 1639-1648.

Cui, T. and Porter, A.G. (1995). Localization of binding site for encephalomyocarditis virus RNA polymerase in the 3'-noncoding region of the viral RNA. Nucleic Acids Research 23: 377-382.

Dea, S.A., Bilodeau, R. and Martineau, G.P. (1991). Isolation of encephalomyocarditis virus among stillborn and post-weaning pigs in Quebec. Archives of Virology 117: 121-128.

Dea, S., Bilodeau, R., Sauvageau, R. and Martineau, G.P. (1991). Outbreaks in Quebec pig farms of respiratory and reproductive problems associated with encephalomyocarditis virus. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 3: 275-282.

Derbyshire, J.B. (1981). Virus diseases of pigs. In: Virus Diseases of Food Animals I. Ed. E.P.J. Gibbs. London: Academic Press, pp 179‑204. [MAIN LIBRARY]

Dick, G.W.A. (1949). The relationship of mengo encephalomyelitis, encephalomyocarditis Columbia-SK and M.M. viruses. J. Immunol. 62: 375-386.

Dick, G.W.A. (1953). Epidemiological notes on some viruses isolated in Uganda (Yellow fever, Rift Valley fever, Bwamba fever, West Nile, Mengo, Semliki Forest, Bunyamwera, Ntaya, Uganda S and Zika viruses). Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. & Hyg. 47: 13-48.

Dick, G.W.A., Best, A.M., Haddow, A.J., Smithburn, K.C. (1948). Mengo encephalomyelitis a hitherto unknown virus affecting man. Lancet 2: 286-289. (vol 2, 8: 286-289?)

Dick, G.W.A., Smithburn, K.C. and Haddow, A.J. (1948). Mengo encephalomyelitis virus: isolation and immunological properties. Brit. J. Exper. Path. 29: 547-558.

Doi, C., Takeda, M., Hirasawa, K. and Doi, K. (1993). Transmissibility of the D variant of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMC-D) in mice. Laboratory Animals 27: 222-225.

Doi, K., Ikegami, H., Ishii, K., Doi, C., Yamanouchi, Y. and Sugano, S. (1995). Encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus infection in the common vole, Microtus arvalis. Laboratory Animals 29: 180-184.

Dzhikidze, E.K., Schevtzova, S.V., Krylova, R.I, Balaeva, E.Y., Voskanjan, N.A. and Uvarova, V.I. (1974). Etiology of encephalomyocarditis in rhesus monkeys. Z. Versuchstierkd. 16: 142-149.

Dzhikidze, E.K., Krylova, R.I, Balaeva, E.Y. and Chalyan, V.G. (1982). Entsefalomiokardit u pavianov gamadrilov [Encephalomyocarditis in baboons (Papio hamadryas)]. Vopr. Virusol. 27: 418-422. (Translation available)

Ellem, K.A.O. and Colter, J.S. (1961). The isolation of three variants of Mengo virus differing in plaque morphology and hemagglutination characteristics. Virology 15: 340-347.

Findlay, G.M. and Howard, E.M. (1951). Observations on Columbia SK virus. J. Pathol. Bacteriol. 63: 435-443.

Foni, E., Barigazzi, G., Sidoli, L., Marcato, P.S., Sarli, G., Salda, L. and Della Spinaci, M. (1993). Experimental encephalomyocarditis virus infection in pigs. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series B 40 (5): 347‑352

Fontenille, D. (1989). Etude des circuits de vection d'arbovirus, a Madagascar. Arch. Inst. Pasteur Madagascar 55: 1-317. [Arbovirus transmission cycles in Madagascar]

Fuerst, C.R. (1961). Plaque-type mutants of murine encephalomyocarditis virus. Virology 13: 553-554.

Gainer, J.H. (1961). Studies on the natural and experimental infections of animals in Florida with the encephalomyocarditis virus. Proc. U.S. Livestock Sanit. Assoc. 65: 556-572.

Gainer, J.H. (1967). Encephalomyocarditis virus infections in Florida, 1960-1966. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 151: 421-425.

Gainer, J.H. (1974). Viral myocarditis in animals. Adv. Cardiol. 13: 94-105.

Gainer, J.H. and Bigler, W.I. (1967). Encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus recovered from two cotten rats and a raccoon. Bull. Wildlife Dis. Assoc. 3: 47-49.

Gainer, J.H. and Murchison, T.E. (1961). Encephalomyocarditis virus infection of swine. Vet. Med. 56: 173-175.

Gainer, J.H., Sandefur, J.R. and Bigler, W.J. (1968). High mortality in a Florida swine herd infected with the encephalomyocarditis virus. An accompanying epizootiologic survey. Cornell. vet. 58: 31-47.

Gajdusek, D.C. (1955). Encephalomyocarditis virus infection in childhood. Pediatrics 16: 902-907.

Gard, G.P., Batty, E.M. and Saba, H.M. (1974). Microtiter hemagglutination-inhibition test for the detection of encephalomyocarditis virus antibodies. Applied Microbiology 27: 272-273.

Gaskin, J.M., Jorge, M.A., Simpson, C.F., Lewis, A.L., Olsen, J.H., Schobert, E.E., Wollenman, E.P., Marlowe, C. and Curtis, M.M. (1980). The tragedy of encephalomyocarditis infection in zoological parks of Florida. Am. Assoc. Zoo. Vet. Annu. Proc. 1980: 1-7.

Gatti R., Nigrelli, A.D., Corradini, C.E., Bugnetti, M. and Sanziani, E. (1988). Un grave episodio di encefalomiocardite virale in suinetti lattanti. Atti della Società Italiana delle Scienze Veterinarie, Mantova, Italia, 29 September-1 October 1988, part 2, 877-878.

Ghosh, S.N. and Rajagopalan, P.K. (1973). Encephalomyocarditis virus activity in Mus booduga (Gray) in Barur Village (1961-1962), Sager KFD area, Mysore State, India. Indian J. Med. Res. 61: 989-991.

Glastonbury, J.R.W. (1977). Preweaning mortality in the pig. Pathological findings in piglets dying between birth and weaning. Aust. vet. J. 53: 310-314.

Gomez, L., Lorenzo, M., Ramos, J.R., Luya, M.J., Mayo, D. and Giral, T. (1982). Aislamiento del virus de la encefalomiocarditis en una cerda y su feto. (Isolation of the encephalomyocarditis virus in a sow and her fetus). Rev. Cub. Cienc. Vet. 13: 21-24.

Gomez, L., Trujillo, N., Lorenzo, F., Martinez, N., Puentes, T., Hernandez, C.N., Redondo, R., De La Vega, Y.M. (1995). Obtainment, optimization and field evaluation of the first vaccine against viral encephalomyocarditis (VEMC). Revista Cubana de Ciencias Veterinarias 24: 9‑15.

Grešíková, M., Sekeyová, M., Raj_áni, J., Nosek, J., Škultétyová, A. (1978). Isolation of encephalomyocarditis virus from the pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) in Czechoslovakia. Acta. Virol. 22: 322-324.

Grobler, D.G., Raath, J.P., Braack, L.E.O., Keet, D.F., Gerdes, G.H., Barnard, B.J.H., Kriek, N.P.J., Jardine, J. and Swanepoel, R. (1995). An outbreak of encephalomyocarditis-virus infection in free-ranging African elephants in the Kruger National Park. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 62: 97-108.

Gualandi, G.L., Cammi, G. and Cardeti, G. (1989). A serologic survey of encephalomyocarditis virus infection in pigs in Italy. Microbiologica 12: 129-132.

Hahn, H. and Palmenberg, A.C. (1995). Encephalomyocarditis viruses with short poly(C) tracts are more virulent than their mengovirus counterparts. Journal of Virology 69: 2697-2699.

Häni, H. and Pfister, K. (1983?). Myocarditis and meningo-encephalitis in piglets. Int. Pig Vet. Symp. Copenhagen, p.88.

Helwig, F.C. and Schmidt, E.C.H. (1945). A filter-passing agent producing interstitial myocarditis in anthropoid apes and small animals. Science 102: 31-33.

Hill, B.D., Ketterer, P.J., Rodwell, B.J., Eaves, F.W. and Webster, W.R. (1985). Encephalomyocarditis virus infection in pig disease in Queensland. Aust. vet. J. 62: 433‑434.

Hirasawa, K., Han, J.S., Takeda, M., Itagaki, S. and Doi, K. (1992). Encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus-induced myocarditis by different virus variants and mouse strains. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 54: 1125-1129.

Horgan, E.S. (1951). Virus Research Institute, Annual Report, 1950, p. 6, Nairobi, East African High Commision.

Horgan, E.S. (1951). Virus Research Institute Annual Report, 1950. Govt. Printer Nairobi.

Horgan, E.S. (1952). Virus Research Institute Annual Report, 1951. Govt. Printer Nairobi.

Horner, G.W. and Hunter, R. (1979). Experimental infection in pigs with encephalomyocarditis virus. N.Z. vet. J. 27: 202-203.

Howerth, E.W., Reeves, A.J., McElveen, M.R. and Austin, F.W. (1994). Survey for selected diseases in nutria (Myocastor coypus) from Louisiana. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 30: 450-453.

Hu, D.G., Chan, C.H., Shieh, W.Y. and Chang, C.S. (1993). Epidemiological studies of swine encephalomyocarditis virus infection. Research Report ‑ Animal Industry Research Institute, Taiwan Sugar Corporation 1993 (1992/93) 149‑154.

Hubbard, G.B., Soike, K.F., Butler, T.M., Carey, K.D., Davis, H., Butcher, W.I. and Gauntt, C.J. (1992). An encephalomyocarditis virus epizootic in a baboon colony. Lab. Anim. Sci. 42: 233-239.

Huber, S.A. (1994). VCAM-1 is a receptor for encephalomyocarditis virus on murine vascular endothelial cells. Journal of Virology 68: 3453-3458.

Ikegami, H., Takeda, M.  and Doi, K. (1997). An age‑related change in susceptibility of rat brain to encephalomyocarditis virus infection. International Journal of Experimental Pathology 78: 101‑107.

Jin, Y.-M., Pardoe, I.U., Burness, A.T.H. and Michalak, T.I. (1994). Identification and characterization of the cell surface 70-kilodalton sialoglycoprotein(s) as a candidate receptor for encephalomyocarditis virus on human nucleated cells. Journal of Virology 68: 7308-7319.

Jones, T.C. (19??). Encephalomyelitides. Chapter 16. pp 369-384. (Diseases of Swine 4th Edition???)

Jones, P., Mahamba, C., Rest, J. and André, C. (2005). Fatal inflammatory heart disease in a bonobo (Pan paniscus). J. Med. Primatol. 34: 45-49.

We report the first probable identification of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) in a bonobo (Pan paniscus) that had been part of a forest re-introduction programme. Clinical presentation was of episodic acute on chronic heart failure and cerebral infarction with end-stage renal failure rather than sudden death which is more commonly associated with EMCV infection. A postmortem diagnosis of probable EMCV was made using gross pathological and histopathological examination. Findings included acute on chronic heart failure combined with the unusual but characteristic histopathological features of non-suppurative necrotizing myocarditis with mononuclear, inflammatory infiltration of the brain.

Jongen, P.J., Zoll, G.J., Beaumont, M., Melchers, W.J., van de Putte, L.B. and Galama, J.M. (1993). Polymyositis and dermatomyositis: no persistence of enterovirus or encephalomyocarditis virus RNA in muscle. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 52: 575‑578.

Joo, H.S. (1988). EMC virus causes poor reproduction. International Pigletter 8: 3-4.

Joo, H.S. (1992). Encephalomyocarditis virus. In: Diseases of Swine, 7th edition. Ed. A.D. Leman, B.E. Straw, W.L. Mengeling, S. D'Allaire and D.J. Taylor. Chapter 17. Wolfe Publishing. pp.257-262.

Joo, H.S., Kim, H.S. and Leman A.D. (1988). Detection of antibody to encephalomyocarditis virus in mummified or stillborn pigs. Arch. Virol. 100: 131‑134.

Jun, H.S., Yoon, S‑W., Kang, Y., Pak, C.Y., Lee, M.C. and Yoon, J‑W. (1995). Cloning and expression of the VP1 major capsid protein of diabetogenic encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus and prevention of EMC virus‑induced diabetes by immunization with the recombinant VP1 protein. Journal of General Virology 76: 2557‑2566.

Jungeblut, C.S. and Dalldorf, G. (1943). Epidemiological and experimental observations on the possible significance of rodents in a suburban epidemic of poliomyelitis. Am. J. Public Health 33: 169-172.

Jungeblut, C.S. and Sanders, M. (1940). Studies of a murine strain of poliomyelitis virus in cotten rats and white mice. J. exp. Med. 72: 406-436.

Karimov, S.K., Lvov, D.K. and Kiryushchenko, T.V. (1989). Syrdarya Valley fever, a new virus disease in Kazakhstan. In: Arboviruses and Arboviral Infections. Abstracts book, ed. by D.K. Lvov. from "An International Symposium on Arboviruses and Arboviral Infections", Moscow, U.S.S.R., October 3-5, 1989.

Karimov, S.K., Lvov, D.V. and Kiryushchenko, T.V. (1991). Syrdarya Valley fever, a new virus disease in Kazakhstan. Arch. Virol., Suppl. 1: 345.

Kelly, P.M., Shanley, J.D. and Sears, J. (1983). Replication of encephalomyocarditis virus in various mammalian cell types. J. Med. Virol. 11: 257-264.

Kerr, J.A. (1952). Studies on certain viruses isolated in the tropics of Africa and South America. Immunological reactions as determined by cross complement-fixation tests. J. Immunol. 68: 461-472.

Kilham, L., Mason, P. and Davies, J.N.P. (1955). Pathogenesis of fatal encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus infections in albino rats. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 90: 383-387.

Kilham, L., Mason, P. and Davies, J.N.P. (1956). Host-virus relations in encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus infections. 1. Infection of wild rats. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 5: 647-654.

Kilham, L., Mason, P. and Davies, J.N.P. (1956). Host-virus relations in encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus infections. 2. Myocarditis in mongooses. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 5: 655-663.

Kim, Y‑W. (1995). Viral factors related to diabetogenicity of encephalomyocarditis virus. Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology 30: 671‑681.

Kim, H.S., Joo, H.S. and Bergeland, M.E. (1989). Serologic, virologic and histopathologic observations of encephalomyocarditis virus infection in mummified and stillborn pigs. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 1: 101-104.

Kim, H.S., Christianson, W.T. and Joo, H.S. (1989). Pathogenic properties of encephalomyocarditis virus isolates in swine fetuses. Arch. Virol. 109: 51‑57.

Kim, H.S., Christianson, W.T. and Joo, H.S. (1991). Characterization of encephalomyocarditis virus isolated from aborted swine fetuses. Am. J. vet. Res. 52: 1649-1652.

Kim, H.S., Joo, H.S., Christianson, W.T. and Morrison, R.B. (1991). Evaluation of serologic methods for the detection of antibodies to encephalomyocarditis virus in swine fetal thoracic fluids. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 3: 283-286.

Kirkland, P.D., Gleeson, A.B., Hawkes, R.A., Naim, H.M. and Broughton, C.R. (1989). Human infection with encephalomyocarditis virus in New South Wales. Med. J. Aust. 151: 176-177.

Kissling, R.E., Vanella, J.M. and Schaeffer, M. (1956). Recent isolations of encephalomyocarditis virus. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 91: 148-150.

Koenen, F. (1994). Clinical, serological, virological and histological observations of encephalomyocarditis virus infection in pigs. Pig Journal 33: 21‑29.

Koenen, F. and Vanderhallen, H. (1997). Comparative study of the pathogenic properties of a Belgian and a Greek encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) isolate for sows in gestation. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series B 44: 281‑286.

Koenen, F., De Clercq, K. and Strobbe, R. (1991). Isolation of encephalomyocarditis virus in the offspring of swine with reproductive failure in Belgium. Vlaams Diergeneeskd Tijdschr 60: 113-115.

Koenen, F., De Clercq, K., Lefebvre, J. and Strobbe, R. (1994). Reproductive failure in sows following experimental infection with a Belgian EMCV isolate. Veterinary Microbiology 39: 111‑116.

Koenen, F., Vanderhallen, H., Castryck, F., Miry, C. and Fockedey, M. (1996). Epidemiologic, pathogenetic and molecular analysis of the first encephalomyocarditis outbreak in fattening pigs in Belgium. Proceedings of the 14^th International Pig Veterinary Society Congress, Bologna, Italy, 7-10 July 1996, p. 96.

Koenen, F., Vanderhallen, H., Papadopoulos, O., Billinis, C., Paschaleri-Papadopoulou, E., Brocchi, E., De Simone, F., Carra, E. and Knowles, N.J. (1997). Comparison of the pathogenic, antigenic and molecular characteristics of two encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) isolates from Belgium and Greece. Research in Veterinary Science 62: 239-244.

Kovatch, R.M., Garcia Mora, R. and Medina, G. (1969). Encefalomiocarditis en cerdas lactantes. Rev. Fac. Med. Vet. Zootec. (Univ. San Carlos, Guatemala) 2: 51-54.

Kraaijeveld, C.A., Oosterlaken, T.A.M., Vlaspolder, F., van Dijk, P.W., Harmsen, M., Fernández, I.M., Benaissa-Trouw, B.J. and Snippe, H. (1993). Detection of a shared idiotope on two encephalomyocarditis virus neutralizing monoclonal antibodies by neutralization inhibition enzyme immunoassay. J. Virol. Meth. 44: 319-328.

Krylova, R.I., Balaeva, E.I., Voskanian, N.A., Dzhikidze, E.K. and Shevtsova, Z.V. (1977). [Pathologic anatomy of experimental diseases of small laboratory animals caused by encephalomyocarditis virus (strain EMK-70)]. Biull. Eksp. Biol. Med. 84: 368-372. [Article in Russian]

Abstract: The results of pathomorphological investigation of the disease in small laboratory animals experimentally induced by the EMC-70 strain of encephalomyocarditis virus isolated from monkeys are presented. Irrespective of the mode of virus injection, the newborn and juvenile mice developed some lesions in the brown fat, transverse-striated muscles, as well as in the brain and heart. In guinea pigs the changes were characterized by the development of severe myocarditis and encephalitis accompanied by viral antigen accumulation. The disease induced by the EMC-70 strain could not be differentiated from the Coxsackie infection by the pathomorphological data. This fact should be taken into consideration in solving some problems pertinent to pathoanatomical diagnosis of viral diseases.

Krylova, R.I. and Dzhikidze, E.K. (2005). Encephalomyocarditis in monkeys. Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. 139: 355-359. [English, Russian.]

Institute of Medical Primatology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Sochi. iprim@sochi.net
This paper presents the results of studies of a spontaneous viral infection in monkeys--encephalomyocarditis caused by encephalomyocarditis virus. The infection first detected in the Sukhumi Breeding Center in 1974 was observed in the Adler Breeding Center since 2001. The characteristics of the virus are described and principles of diagnostic by the results of pathologic studies are presented.

Kudo, H., Yoshizawa, S., Hiroike, T. and Hirose, O. (1995). A retrospective serological survey of the encephalomyocarditis virus among pigs in Chiba prefecture, Japan. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 57: 793‑795.

Kyu, B., Matsumori, A., Sato, Y., Okada, I., Chapman, N.M. and Tracy, S. (1992). Cardiac persistence of cardioviral RNA detected by polymerase chain reaction in a murine model of dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation 86: 522-530.

Leforban, Y. Sudden death in pigs related with encephalomyocarditis virus infection in Ivory Coast. Unpublished manuscript (given to me by E. Brocchi).

Lennette, E.H. and Schmidt, N.J. (19xx). In: Diagnostic Proceedures .........

Liebhaber, H. and Takemoto, K.K. (1961). Alteration of plaque morphology of EMC virus with polycations. Virology 14: 502-504.

Liebhaber, H. and Takemoto, K.K. (1963). The basis for the size differences in plaques produced by variants of encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus. Virology 20: 559-566.

Links, I.J., Whittington, R.J., Kennedy, D.J., Grewal, A. and Sharrock, A.J. (1986). An association between encephalomyocarditis virus infection and reproductive failure in pigs. Aust. vet. J. 63: 150‑152.

Littlejohns, I. (1983). EMC virus myocarditis in pigs. In: Viral diseases in South‑East Asia and the Western Pacific. Proc. Int. Sem. on Viral Dis. in S.E. Asia and the Western Pacific, Canberra Australia Feb. 1982. ed. by J. S. Mackenzie London: Academic Press, pp 668‑669.

Littlejohns, I.R. (1984). Encephalomyocarditis virus from stillborn pigs. Aust. vet. J. 61: 93.

Littlejohns, I.R. and Acland, H.M. (1975). Encephalomyocarditis virus infection of pigs. 2. Experimental disease. Aust. vet. J. 51: 416-422.

Love, R.J. and Grewal, A.S. (1986). Reproductive failure on pigs caused by encephalomyocarditis virus. Aust. vet. J. 63: 128‑129.

Luya, M.J., Romanenke, V., Hernandez, H. et al. (1979). Caracteristicas biologicas del virus de la encefalomiocarditis (EMC) aislado en cerdos en Cuba. [Biological characteristics of encephalomyocarditis virus isolated from swine in Cuba]. Cienc. Tec. Agric. Vet. 1: 73-90.

Lvov, D.K. (1989). Arboviral infections in the subtropics of the temperate belt of the USSR. In: Arboviruses and Arboviral Infections. Lvov, D.K., Kilmenko, S.M. and Gaidamovich, S. Ya., Eds., Meditsina, Moscow, Chapter 8. (In Russian).

Lvov, D.K. (1994). Arboviral zoonoses of Northern Eurasia (Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States). In: Handbook of Zoonoses, 2nd Edition, Section B: Viral, Ed. G.W. Beran, CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, p. 237-260.

Marcato, P.S., Sidoli, L. and Barbieri, G. (1989). Encephalomyocarditis (EMC) due to cariovirus in Po Valley swines: preliminary observations 2. Spontaneous and experimental lesions. Selezione Vet. 30: 261‑270.

Matsuzaki, H., Doi, K., Doi, C., Onodera, T. and Mitsuoka, T. (1989). Susceptibility of four species of small rodent to encephalomycarditis (EMC) virus. Exp. Anim. (Tokyo) 38: 357-361.

Maurice, H., Nielen, M., Stegeman, J.A., Vanderhallen, H. and Koenen, F.(2002).  Transmission of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) among pigs experimentally quantified. Veterinary Microbiology 88: 301‑314.

Meng, X.-J., Paul, P.S., Vaughn, E.M. and Zimmerman, J.J. (1993). Development of a radiolabeled nucleic acid probe for the detection of encephalomyocarditis virus of swine. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 5: 254-258.

Mercy, A.R., Peet, R.L., Ellis, T.M. and Parkinson, J. (1988). Encephalomycarditis virus infection in pigs. Aust. vet. J. 65: 355.

Miller, F.W., Love, L.A., Biswas, T., McClintock, P. and Plotz, P.H. (1987). Viral and host genetic factors influence encephalomyocarditis virus-induced polymyositis in adult mice. Arithitis. Rheum. 30: 549-???.

Muir, S., Weintraub, J.P., Hogle, J. and Bittle, J.L. (1991). Neutralizing antibody to Mengo virus, induced by synthetic peptides. Journal of General Virology 72: 1087-1092.

Murnane, T.G. (1982). Encephalomyocarditis. In: CRC Handbook Series in Zoonoses. Section B: Viral Zoonoses. Volume II. Ed. G.W. Beran. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. pp 137-147.

Murnane, T.G. (1982). Encephalomyocarditis virus. In: The Mouse in Biomedical Research, Vol.II. Ed. H.L. Foster, J.D. Small and J.G. Fox. Academic Press, New York, p.353-357.

Murnane, T.G., Craighead, J.E., Mondragon, H. and Shelokov, A. (1960). Fatal disease of swine due to encephalomyocarditis virus. Science 131: 498-499.

Negro, M. and Guarda, F. (1989). Contribution to the study of endocardic pathology in regularly slaughtered pigs. Estratto da Selezione Veterinaria 30: 235-248.

Noack, K. and Lieberman, H. (1992). Die enzephalomyokarditisvirus-infektion beim schwein - ein überblick. Tierärztl. Umschau. 47: 16-23.

Nowotny, N. (1994). The domestic cat: a transmitter of viruses from rodents to man? A serological study on orthopox-, hanta- and encephalomyocarditis virus. Third Congress of the European Society for Veterinary Virology. Immunobiology of Viral Infections. Interlaken, Switzerland, 4-7 September 1994. P1-10.

Nowotny, N. (1996). Serological examinations in domestic cats for virus infections of wild rodents with potential human pathogenicity. Zentralblatt fur Hygiene und Umweltmedizin 198: 452‑461.

Nowotny, N., Holzmann, A., Loupal, G. and Schilcher, F. (1992). Epizootiological and experimental studies on encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) infection in swine. World Assoc. Vet. Lab. Diagn. VI^th Int. Symp. Lyon, June 1992.

Oberste, M.S., Gotuzzo, E., Blair, P., Nix, W.A., Ksiazek, T.G., Comer, J.A., Rollin, P., Goldsmith, C.S., Olson, J. and Kochel, T.J. (2009). Human febrile illness caused by encephalomyocarditis virus infection, Peru. Emerg Infect Dis. 15: 640-646.

Osorio, J.E., Martin, L.R. and Palmenberg, A.C. (1996). The immunogenic and pathogenic potential of short poly(C) tract Mengo viruses. Virology 223: 344‑350.

Park, N.-Y., Ri, C.-Y., Chung, C.-Y., Kee, H.-Y. and Bae, S.-Y. (1992). Pathological findings on encephalomyocarditis virus infections of swine in Korea. Korean Journal of Veterinary Research 32: 99-109.

Paschaleri‑Papadopoulou, E. (1993). Encephalomyocarditis in Greece. Report on a meeting of National Swine Fever Laboratories within the European Communities, Brussels, 17-18 June 1993, p. 42-43. Brussels: CEC.

Paschaleri‑Papadopoulou, E. Axiotis, I. and Laspidis, C. (1990). Encephalomycarditis of swine in Greece. Vet. Rec. 126: 364‑365.

Paul, S.D., Pavri, K.M., D'Lima, L.V., Rajagopalan, P.K., Goverdhan, M.K. and Singh, K.R.P. (1968). Isolation of encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus strains in India. Indian J. Med. Res. 56: 264-274.

Petruccelli, M.A., Hirasawa, K., Takeda, M., Itagaki, S. and Doi, K. (1991). Cardiac and pancreatic lesions in guinea pigs infected with encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus. Histol. Histopath. 6: 167-170.

Pope, J.H. (1959). A virus of the encephalomyocarditis group from a water-rat, Hydromys chrysogaster, in North Queensland. Austral. J. exp. Biol. 37: 117-124.

Pope, J.H. and Scott, W. (1960). A survey for antibodies to encephalomyocarditis virus in man and animals. Aust. J. exp. Biol. 38: 447-450.

Raath, J.P. and Bengis, R.G. (1995). The evaluation of a vaccine against encephalomyocarditis infection in elephants (Loxodonta africana) under controlled conditions. Proceedings: American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, Wildlife Disease Association, American Association of Wildlife Veterinarians, joint conference, East Lansing, Michigan, August 12‑17, 1995: 304‑308

Radloff, R.J. (1985). The reversion of temperature-sensitive mutants of encephalomyocarditis virus upon serial passage in three continuous cell lines. J. gen. Virol. 66: 367-371.

Radostits, O.M., Blood, D.C. and Gay, C.C. (1994). Encephalomyocarditis virus disease of pigs. In: Veterinary Medicine, Eighth edition. p.949-950. London: Baillière Tindall.

Ramos, J.R., Gomez, L., Mayo, M. and Sanchez, G. (1983). Infecciones causadas por el virus de la encefalomiocarditis en Cuba durante los anos 1975-1981. (Infections due to encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus in swine and other species over the 1975-1981 period). Rvta. Cub. Clenc. Vet. 14: 71-77.

Reddacliff, L.A., Kirkland, P.D., Hartley, W.J. and Reece, R.L. (1997). Encephalomyocarditis virus infections in an Australian zoo. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 28: 153‑157.

Roca-Garcia, M. and Sanmartin-Barberi, C. (1957). The isolation of encephalomyocarditis virus from Aotus monkeys. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 6: 840-852.

Roehe, P.M., Rodrigues, N.C., Oliveira, S. J. de, Guizzardi, I.I., Barcellos, D.E.S.N. de, Vidor, T., Oliveira, L.G. and Bangel, E.V. (1985). Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) in swine in the State of Rio‑Grande‑do‑Sul, Brazil. Rev. Microbiol. 16: 117‑120.

Ross, M.E., Onodera, T., Hayashi, K. and Notkins, A.L. (1975). Virus-induced diabetes mellitus. V. Biological differences between the M variant and other strains of encephalomyocarditis virus. Infect. Immun. 12: 1224-1226. [E-BLOCK]

Sanford, S.E., Derbyshire, J.B. and Josephson, G.K.A. (1985). Serological evidence of encephalomyocarditis virus in pigs in Ontario. Can. vet J. 26: 228.

Sanford, S.E., Rehmtulla, A.J. and Josephson, G.K.A. (1989). Encephalomyocarditis virus outbreak among suckling pigs. Can. vet. J. 30 178.

Sanford, S.E., Josephson, G.K.A., Rehmtulla, A.J. and Carman P.S. (1989). Antibodies to encephalomyocarditis virus in aborted and stillborn pigs. Can. vet. J. 30: 757.

Sangar, D.V., Rowlands, D.J. and Brown, F. (1977). Encephalomyocarditis virus antibodies in sera from apparently normal pigs. Vet. Rec. 100: 240‑241.

Saunders, G.R. and Giles, J.R. (1977). A relationship between plagues of house mice Mus musculus (Rodentia: Muridae) and prolonged periods of dry weather in south‑eastern Australia. Aust. Wildl. Research 4 : 241‑248.

Scraba, D.G. (1994). Cardioviruses. In: Encylclopedia of Virology, Vol. 1. Ed. R.G. Webster and A. Granoff. p.205-213. Academic Press.

Seaman, J.T. and Finnie, E.P. (1987). Acute myocarditis in a captive African elephant (Loxodonta africana). J. Widlife Dis. 23: 170-171.

Seaman, J.T., Boulton, J.G. and Carrigan, M.J. (1986). Encephalomyocarditis virus disease of pigs associated with a plague of rodents. Aust. vet. J. 63: 292‑294.

Shibata, I., Ogawa, M., Samegai, Y. and Onodera, T. (1993). A serological survey of encephalomyocarditis virus infection of pigs in Japan. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 55: 117-118.

Shigesato, M., Hirasawa, K., Takeda, M. and Doi K. (1994). Encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus‑induced testicular lesion in BALB/c mice. Laboratory Animals 28: 330‑334.

Shigesato, M., Takeda, M., Hirasawa, K., Itagaki, S. and Doi, K. (1995). Early development of encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus‑induced orchitis in Syrian hamsters. Veterinary Pathology 32: 184‑186.

Shioi, T., Matsumori, A., Nishio, R., Ono, K., Kakio, T. and Sasayama, S. (1997). Protective role of interleukin‑12 in viral myocarditis. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology 29: 2327‑2334.

Sidoli, L., Barigazzi, G., Foni, E., Marcato, P.S. and Barbieri, G. (1989). Encephalomyocarditis (EMC) due to cardiovirus in Po Valley swines: preliminary observations. 1. Clinical aspects, virus isolation, characterization and experimental transmission. Selezoine Vet. 30: 249‑260.

Simpson, C.F., Lewis, A.L. and Gaskin, J.M. (1977). Encephalomyocarditis virus infection of captive elephants. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 171: 902-905.

Smadel, J.E. and Warren, J. (1947). The virus of encephalomyocarditis and its apparent causation of disease in man. J. Clin. Invest. 26: 1197.

Smith, K.E., Zimmerman, J.J., Beran, G.W. and Hill, H.T. (1992). A serological survey in swine and free-living species on Iowa farms for antibodies against encephalomyocarditis virus. Can. Vet. J. 33: 645-649.

Spradbrow, P.B. (1968). Antibodies to reoviruses, parainfluenza 3 virus, encephalomyocarditis virus and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus in porcine serums. Aust. vet. J. 44: 320-322.

Spradbrow, P.B. and Chung, Y.S. (1970). Haemagglutination-inhibition antibodies to encephalomyocarditis virus in Queensland cattle. Aust. vet. J. 46: 126-128.

Spradbrow, P.B., Watt, D.A. and Chung, V.S. (1970). Experimental encephalomyocarditis virus infection in calves. Aust. vet. J. 46: 373-377.

Suh, Y.S., Ha, S.J., Lee, C.H., Sin, J.I. and Sung, Y.C. (2001). Enhancement of VP1-specific immune responses and protection against EMCV-K challenge by co-delivery of IL-12 DNA with VP1 DNA vaccine. Vaccine 19: 1891-1898. [National Research Lab., Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31, Hyoja-Dong, Pohang, 790-784, Kyungbuk, South Korea.]

Abstract: It has been reported that co-delivery of IL-12 DNA with a DNA vaccine further enhances antigen (Ag)-specific protective immunity in pathogenic challenge models. However, the enhancing effects of antibody by IL-12 have been controversial. To clarify this issue, we constructed an IL-12 expression vector, co-immunized IL-12 DNA with an encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV)-D VP1 plasmid vaccine, and then evaluated immune modulatory effects and protection against lethal EMCV-K challenge. We observed that VP1-specific IgG production, as well as seroconversion rates, were significantly enhanced by IL-12 co-injection, indicating that IL-12 can enhance antibody responses in this model system. In particular, co-injection with VP1 plus IL-12 DNA into the same leg enhanced systemic Ag-specific IgG production to a significantly greater extent than either the separate leg injection of VP1 and IL-12 DNA or VP1 DNA vaccine alone. This suggests that local co-expression of IL-12 along with antigens is more important for enhanced antibody production. Furthermore, IgG2a isotype was significantly enhanced by IL-12 DNA co-injection, indicating a Th1 bias. In addition, co-delivery of IL-12 DNA was demonstrated to enhance VP1-specific Th cell proliferative responses. When animals were challenged with a lethal dose of EMCV-K, IL-12 DNA-co-immunized animals exhibited enhanced survival, as compared to VP1 DNA vaccine alone. These studies suggest that IL-12 plays an important role in increasing Ag-specific Th1 type antibody and cellular responses, resulting in enhanced protection against lethal EMCV-K challenge.

Sutherland, R.J., Horner, G.W., Hunter, R. and Fyfe, B.H. (1977). An outbreak of encephalomyocarditis in pigs. New Zealand vet. J. 25: 225.

Takemoto, K.K. and Liebhaber, H. (1961). Virus-polysaccharide interactions. I. An agar polysaccharide determining plaque morphology of EMC virus. Virology 14: 456-462.

Teschner, H., Schulz, S. and Schmidt, W.A.K. (1978). Antikörperverlauf in mäusen, ratten und schweinen nach applikation von enzephalomyokarditis-viren. Zbl. Vet. Med. B 25: 547-554.

Tesh, R.B. (1978). The prevalence of encephalomyocarditis virus neutralizing antibodies among human populations. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 27: 144-149.

Tesh, R.B. and Wallace, G.D. (1978). Observations on the natural history of encephalomyocarditis virus. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 27: 133-143.

Theiler, M. and Downs, W.G. (19xx). History and methods of virus classification. In: The Arthropod-Borne Viruses of Vertebrates. Chapter 5, pp. 95-??. Newhaven: Yale University Press.

Tinsley, T.W., MacCallum, F.O., Robertson, J.S. and Brown, F. (1984). Relationship of encephalomyocarditis virus to cricket paralysis virus of insects. Intervirology 21: 181‑186.

Torres, R.M., Hernández, M.V., Valenzuela, N.S., González, G. and Mogollón, G.J.D. (1994). La serologia en enfermedades infecciosas de la especie porcina. (Serology of porcine infectious diseases.). Revista del Centro de Investigacion en Slud y Produccion Animal 1: 34-47.

Tsangaris, T., Lekkas, S. and Kanakoudis, G. (1989). Changes of the myocardium in encephalomyocarditis in pigs. Deut. Tierarztl. Wchschr. 96: 301‑303.

Tsangaris, T., Lekkas, S., Laspidis, C., Paschaleri‑Papadopoulou, E. and Axiotis, I. (1989). encephalomyocarditis of swine in Greece. Pathologoanatomical lesions of the disease. Bull. Hell. Vet. Med. Soc. 40: 222-237.

Ueno, A., Takeda, M., Hirasawa, K., Itagaki, S. and Doi, K. (1996). Relation between distribution of viral RNA and development of histopathological changes in encephalomyocarditis virus‑induced orchitis in mice. International Journal of Experimental Pathology 77: 25‑30.

Vanderhallen, H. and Koenen, F. (1997). Rapid diagnosis of encephalomyocarditis virus infections in pigs using a reverse transcription‑polymerase chain reaction. J. Virol. Meth. 66: 83‑89.

Vanella, J.M., Kissling, R.E. and Chamberlain, R.W. (1956). Transmission studies with encephalomyocarditis virus. J. infect. Dis. 98: 98-102.

Verlinde, J.D. and van Tongeren, H.A.E. (1953). Human infection with viruses of the Columbia SK group. Arch. ges. Virusforsch 5: 217-227.

Vizoso, A.D. (1968). A red squirrel disease. Symp. zool. Soc. Lond. 24: 29-38.

Vizoso, A.D. and Hay, R. (1964). Antibodies to viruses of the Columbia SK group in Sciuridae in Britain. Nature 204: 56-57. [E-BLOCK]

Vizoso, A.D., Vizoso, M.R. and Hay, R. (1964). Isolation of a virus resembling encephalomyocarditis from a red squirrel. Nature 201: 849-850.

Watt, D.A. and Spradbrow, P.B. (1974). Experimental encephalomyocarditis virus infection of pigs. Aust. vet. J. 50: 316-319.

Warren, J., Russ, S.B. and Jeffries, H. (1949). Neutralizing antibodies against viruses of the encephalomyocarditis group in the sera of wild rats. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 71: 376-378.

Warren, J., Smadel, J.E. and Russ, S.B. (1949). The family relationship of encephalomyocarditis, Columbia-SK, MM and Mengo encephalomyelitis viruses. J. Immunol. 62: 387-398.

Wee, L., Liu, P., Penn, L., Butany, J.W., McLaughlin, P.R., Sole, M.J. and Liew, C-C. (1992). Persistence of viral genome into late stages of murine myocarditis detected by polymerase chain reaction. Circulation 86: 1605-1613.

Wells, S.K. and Gutter, A.E. (1986). Present status of encephalomyocarditis virus at Audubon Park Zoo. Proc. Annu. Meet. Am. Assoc. Zoo Vet. p. 24.

Wells, S.K., Gutter, A.E., Soike, K.F. and Baskin, G.B. (1989). Encephalomyocarditis virus: epizootic in a zoolological collection. J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 20: 291-296.

Williams, M.C. (1981). Encephalomyocarditis virus infection. J. South African Vet. Assoc. 52: 76.

Yoon, J.-W., Cha, C.-Y. and Ray, U. (1982). Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against the diabetogenic variant of encephalomyocarditis virus. Hybridoma 1: 210.

Yoon, W.K. and Cho, S.W. (1994). Pathological and immunohistochemical studies on Syrian hamsters experimentally infected with encephalomyocarditis virus isolated in Korea. Korean Journal of Veterinary Research 34: 349-359.

Zimmerman, J.J. (1994). Encephalomyocarditis. In: CRC Handbook Series in Zoonoses. Section B: Viral, 2nd edn. Ed. G.W. Beran and J.H. Steele. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. pp 423-436.