Child level

Same level

Genera

Species: Cardiovirus D

Type: Saffold virus 1 (SAFV-1)		5' UTR L VP4 VP2 VP3 VP1 2A 2B 2C 3A 3B 3C 3D 3' UTR
Type: Saffold virus 2 (SAFV-2)		5' UTR L VP4 VP2 VP3 VP1 2A 2B 2C 3A 3B 3C 3D 3' UTR
Type: Saffold virus 3 (SAFV-3)		5' UTR L VP4 VP2 VP3 VP1 2A 2B 2C 3A 3B 3C 3D 3' UTR
Type: Saffold virus 4 (SAFV-4)		5' UTR L VP4 VP2 VP3 VP1 2A 2B 2C 3A 3B 3C 3D 3' UTR
Type: Saffold virus 5 (SAFV-5)		5' UTR L VP4 VP2 VP3 VP1 2A 2B 2C 3A 3B 3C 3D 3' UTR
Type: Saffold virus 6 (SAFV-6)		5' UTR L VP4 VP2 VP3 VP1 2A 2B 2C 3A 3B 3C 3D 3' UTR
Type: Saffold virus 7 (SAFV-7)		5' UTR L VP4 VP2 VP3 VP1 2A 2B 2C 3A 3B 3C 3D 3' UTR
Type: Saffold virus 8 (SAFV-8)		5' UTR L VP4 VP2 VP3 VP1 2A 2B 2C 3A 3B 3C 3D 3' UTR
Type: Saffold virus 9 (SAFV-9)		5' UTR L VP4 VP2 VP3 VP1 2A 2B 2C 3A 3B 3C 3D 3' UTR
Type: Saffold virus 10 (SAFV-10)		5' UTR L VP4 VP2 VP3 VP1 2A 2B 2C 3A 3B 3C 3D 3' UTR
Type: Saffold virus 11 (SAFV-11)		5' UTR L VP4 VP2 VP3 VP1 2A 2B 2C 3A 3B 3C 3D 3' UTR

(White areas indicate genes which haven't yet been sequenced completely; grey areas are where only partial sequences exist)

References

Abed, Y. and Boivin, G. (2008). New Saffold cardioviruses in 3 children, Canada. Emerging Infectious Diseases 14: 834-836. 

Blinkova, O., Kapoor, A., Victoria, J., Jones, M., Wolfe, N., Naeem, A., Shaukat, S., Sharif, S., Alam, M.M., Angez, M., Zaidi, S. and Delwart, E.L. (2009a). Cardioviruses are genetically diverse and cause common enteric infections in South Asian children. J. Virol. 83: 4631-4641.

Blinkova, O., Rosario, K., Li, L., Kapoor, A., Slikas, B., Bernardin, F., Breitbart, M. and Delwart, E. (2009b). Frequent detection of highly diverse variants of cardiovirus, cosavirus, bocavirus, and circovirus in sewage samples collected in the United States. J. Clin. Microbiol. 47: 3507-3513.

Blomqvist, S., Lappalainen, M., Paananen, A., Ylipaasto, P. and Roivainen, M. (2012). Isolation of saffold virus type 2 in green monkey kidney cells. J. Med. Virol. 84: 1497-1500.

Chiu, C.Y., Greninger, A.L., Kanada, K., Kwok, T., Fischer, K.F., Runckel, C., Louie, J.K., Glaser, C.A., Yagi, S., Schnurr, D.P., Haggerty, T.D., Parsonnet, J., Ganem, D. and DeRisi, J.L. (2008). Identification of cardioviruses related to Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus in human infections. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105: 14124-14129.

Chua, K.B., Voon, K., Yu, M., Ali, W.N., Kasri, A.R. and Wang, L.F. (2011). Saffold virus infection in children, Malaysia, 2009. Emerging Infect. Dis. 17: 1562-1564.

Chong YM, Chan YF, Jamaluddin MFH, Hasan MS, Pang YK, Ponnampalavanar S, Syed Omar SF, Voon KGL, Sam IC. Detection of respiratory viruses in adults with suspected COVID-19 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. J Clin Virol. 2021 Oct 20;145:105000. doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2021.105000. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34739838; PMCID: PMC8526124.

da Costa AC, Luchs A, Milagres FAP, Komninakis SV, Gill DE, Lobato MCABS, Brustulin R, das Chagas RT, Abrão MFNDS, Soares CVDA, Deng X, Sabino EC, Delwart E, Leal É. Recombination Located over 2A-2B Junction Ribosome Frameshifting Region of Saffold Cardiovirus. Viruses. 2018 Sep 24;10(10). pii: E520. doi: 10.3390/v10100520. PubMed PMID: 30249971; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6213509.

Drexler, J.F., de Souza Luna, L.K., Stöcker, A., Silva Almeida, P., Medrado Ribeiro, T.C., Petersen, N., Herzog, P., Pedroso, C., Huppertz, H.I., da Costa Ribeiro, H. Jr., Baumgarte, S. and Drosten, C. (2008). Circulation of 3 lineages of a novel saffold cardiovirus in humans. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 14: 1398-1405.

Jones, M.S., Lukashov, V.V., Ganac, R.D., Schnurr, D.P. (2007). Discovery of a novel human picornavirus from a pediatric patient presenting with fever of unknown origin. J. Clin. Microbiol. 45: 2144-2150.

Naeem, A., Hosomi, T., Nishimura, Y., Alam, M.M., Oka, T., Zaidi, S.S. and Shimizu, H. (2014). Genetic diversity of circulating Saffold viruses in Pakistan and Afghanistan. J. Gen. Virol. 2014 Jun 4. pii: vir.0.066498-0. doi: 10.1099/vir.0.066498-0. [Epub ahead of print].

Nielsen, A.C., Gyhrs, M.L., Holmes, E.C. and Cui, J. (2012). Co-circulation and persistence of genetically distinct Saffold viruses, Denmark. Emerging Infect. Dis., in press.

Ren, L., Gonzalez, R., Xiao, Y., Xu, X., Chen, L., Vernet, G., Paranhos-Baccala, G., Jin, Q. and Wang, J. (2009). Saffold cardiovirus in children with acute gastroenteritis, Beijing, China. Emerging Infect. Dis. 15: 1509-1511.

Ren, L., Xiao, Y., Li, J., Chen, L., Zhang, J., Vernet, G. and Wang, J. (2013). Multiple genomic recombination events in the evolution of saffold cardiovirus. PLoS ONE 8 (9), E74947.

Wang, J., Ren, L. and Gonzalez, R. Circulation of three Saffold cardiovirus lineages in children with respiratory tract infections in Beijing, China. Unpublished.

Wang, C.Y., Greer, R.M., Delwart, E., Sloots, T.P. and Mackay, I.M. (2012). A newly designed real-time RT-PCR for SAFV detects SAFV-2 and SAFV-3 in the respiratory tracts of ill children during 2011. J. Clin. Virol. 55: 173-176.

Xu, Z.Q., Cheng, W.X., Qi, H.M., Cui, S.X., Jin, Y. and Duan, Z.J. (2009). New Saffold cardiovirus in children, China. Emerging Infect. Dis. 15: 993-994.

Zoll, J., Erkens-Hulshof, S., Lanke, K., Verduyn-Lunel, F., Melchers, W.J.G., Schoondermark-van de Ven, E., Roivainen, M., Galama, J.M.D.,  and van Kuppeveld, F.J.M. (2009). Saffold virus, a human Theiler's-like cardiovirus, is ubiquitous and causes infection early in life. PLoS Pathog. 5(5):e1000416-e1000416.